Let E→M be a smooth complex vector bundle over a smooth compact manifold M. Denote Ω⋅(M;E):=Γ(Λ⋅(T∗M)⊗E) be the space of smooth sections of the tensor product vector bundle Λ⋅(T∗M)⊗E.
A connection on E is an extension of exterior differential operator d to include the coefficient E.
∇E(fs)=(df)⊗s+f∇Es.
- By the partitions of unity, we can construct may connections on a vector bundle.
- Given a vector field X∈Γ(TM), we can define the direction derivative of s among X as a map ∇EX:Γ(E)→Γ(E) by
∇EXs=<X,∇Es>=iX(∇Es).
- We can extended a connection ∇E to be a map between Ω⋅(M;E) and Ω⋅+1(M;E) such that for any ω∈Ω⋅(M)=Γ(Λ⋅(T∗M)) and s∈Ω⋅(M;E), we have
∇E:ω⊗s↦(dω)⊗s+(−1)|ω|ω∧∇Es.
In contrast to the exterior differential operator d, the connection ∇E is not satisfied (∇E)2=0 in general, which induce the concept of curvature.
RE=∇E∘∇E:Ω⋅(M;E)→Ω⋅+2(M;E),
for brevity, we also write RE=(∇E)2.
Before we go to the properties of curvature, let us first give a lemma of C∞-linear maps between two sections of vector bundle.
s=n∑k=1fksk.
Since sp=0, thus fk(p)=0 for any p∈U, therefore (As)p=(A∑kfksk)p=(∑kfkAsk)p=0. This proved that A is a local operator, and it is C∞(M)-linear, thus it can be defined pointwise.
Now, we define a map ˜A∈Γ(Hom(E,F)) (i.e., for any p∈M, ˜Ap∈Hom(Ep,Fq)) as
˜Ap:Ep→Fqv↦(˜Av)=Av,
then ˜Ap∈Hom(Ep,Fq). Since for any s∈Γ(E) such that sp=v, we have ˜Ap(v)=(As)p, thus A∈Γ(Hom(E,F)).
Let End(E) denote the vector bundle over M formed by the fiberwise endomorphisms of E. Then we have the following important properties of curvature
- The curvature RE is C∞(M)-linear. That is, for any f∈C∞(M) and s∈Ω⋅(M;E), one has
RE(fs)=fREs.
Thus RE can be viewed as an element of Γ(End(E)) with coefficients in Ω⋅+2(M;E), in other words, RE∈Ω⋅+2(M;End(E))≡Ω⋅+2(M;E∗⊗E).
- For two smooth section X,Y∈Γ(TM), then RE(X,Y)∈Ω⋅(M;End(E)), and
RE(X,Y)=∇EX∇EY−∇EY∇EX−∇E[X,Y].
- We have the second type Bianchi identity
∇E(RE)=[∇E,RE]=0.
- From the Lemma, We only need to show that
RE(fs)=∇E((df)⊗s+f∇Es)=(d2f)⊗s+(−1)|df|df∧∇Es+df∧∇Es+f(∇E)2s=−df∧∇Es+df∧∇Es+fREs=fREs. - for any s∈Ω⋅(M;E), we have
RE(X,Y)s=(REs)(X,Y)=(∇E(∇Es))(X,Y)=∇EX((∇Es)(Y))−∇EX((∇Es)(X))−(∇Es)([X,Y])=∇EX∇EYs−∇EX∇EYs−∇E[X,Y]s. - Note that the connection ∇E on E can naturally induce a connection on End(E), which is still denoted by ∇E, as
∇EA=[∇E,A]=∇EA−A∇E.
Then,
∇E(As)=(∇EA−A∇E)s+A(∇Es)=(∇EA)s+A(∇Es),
from which, the third item is trivial.
- Please rewrite the proof of the Lemma.
- Please explain why RE(X,Y)s=(REs)(X,Y) in the proof of the Proposition (the second item).
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