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Connections and Curvatures on Vector Bundles


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2025 年 4 月
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Let EM be a smooth complex vector bundle over a smooth compact manifold M. Denote Ω(M;E):=Γ(Λ(TM)E) be the space of smooth sections of the tensor product vector bundle Λ(TM)E.

A connection on E is an extension of exterior differential operator d to include the coefficient E.

Definition 1. A connection E on E is a C(M)-linear operator from Γ(E) to Ω1(M;E) such that for any fC(M) and sΓ(E), satisfy the Leibniz rule
E(fs)=(df)s+fEs.

Remark 1.
  • By the partitions of unity, we can construct may connections on a vector bundle.
  • Given a vector field XΓ(TM), we can define the direction derivative of s among X as a map EX:Γ(E)Γ(E) by
    EXs=<X,Es>=iX(Es).
  • We can extended a connection E to be a map between Ω(M;E) and Ω+1(M;E) such that for any ωΩ(M)=Γ(Λ(TM)) and sΩ(M;E), we have
    E:ωs(dω)s+(1)|ω|ωEs.

In contrast to the exterior differential operator d, the connection E is not satisfied (E)2=0 in general, which induce the concept of curvature.
Definition 2. The curvature RE of a connection E is defined by
RE=EE:Ω(M;E)Ω+2(M;E),
for brevity, we also write RE=(E)2.

Before we go to the properties of curvature, let us first give a lemma of C-linear maps between two sections of vector bundle.
Lemma 3. Suppose M is a smooth manifold, E, F are two vector bundle on M. Let Γ(E), Γ(F) be the infinity dimensional vector spaces of smooth sections of E and F, respectively. Let A:Γ(E)Γ(F) be a linear map, if for any fC(M) and sΓ(E), we have A(fs)=fA(s), then prove that AΓ(Hom(E,F)).

Proof . Firstly, we can proof that A is a local operator. In fact, since A is linear, thus we only need to show that if for some section sΓ(E), which vanish at a neighborhood U of M (i.e., for any pU, sp=0), then A(s) vanish on U also. Without loss of generality, we can assume that U is a neighborhood such that E|U is trivial (i.e., E|UU×Rn, n=rankE). Take a local basis of sections s1,s2,,sn of E|U, then
s=nk=1fksk.
Since sp=0, thus fk(p)=0 for any pU, therefore (As)p=(Akfksk)p=(kfkAsk)p=0. This proved that A is a local operator, and it is C(M)-linear, thus it can be defined pointwise.

Now, we define a map ˜AΓ(Hom(E,F)) (i.e., for any pM, ˜ApHom(Ep,Fq)) as
˜Ap:EpFqv(˜Av)=Av,
then ˜ApHom(Ep,Fq). Since for any sΓ(E) such that sp=v, we have ˜Ap(v)=(As)p, thus AΓ(Hom(E,F)).

Let End(E) denote the vector bundle over M formed by the fiberwise endomorphisms of E. Then we have the following important properties of curvature

Proposition 4.
  1. The curvature RE is C(M)-linear. That is, for any fC(M) and sΩ(M;E), one has
    RE(fs)=fREs.
    Thus RE can be viewed as an element of Γ(End(E)) with coefficients in Ω+2(M;E), in other words, REΩ+2(M;End(E))Ω+2(M;EE).
  2. For two smooth section X,YΓ(TM), then RE(X,Y)Ω(M;End(E)), and
    RE(X,Y)=EXEYEYEXE[X,Y].
  3. We have the second type Bianchi identity
    E(RE)=[E,RE]=0.

Proof .
  1. From the Lemma, We only need to show that
    RE(fs)=E((df)s+fEs)=(d2f)s+(1)|df|dfEs+dfEs+f(E)2s=dfEs+dfEs+fREs=fREs.
  2. for any sΩ(M;E), we have
    RE(X,Y)s=(REs)(X,Y)=(E(Es))(X,Y)=EX((Es)(Y))EX((Es)(X))(Es)([X,Y])=EXEYsEXEYsE[X,Y]s.
  3. Note that the connection E on E can naturally induce a connection on End(E), which is still denoted by E, as
    EA=[E,A]=EAAE.
    Then,
    E(As)=(EAAE)s+A(Es)=(EA)s+A(Es),
    from which, the third item is trivial.

Problem 1.
  • Please rewrite the proof of the Lemma.
  • Please explain why RE(X,Y)s=(REs)(X,Y) in the proof of the Proposition (the second item).

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